9.44.1. Example #

//
Define a function funcswapTwoInts (\ a: inoutInt, \ _b: inoutInt) {lettemporaryA=aa=bb=temporaryA} varnumb1=100varnumb2=200print to exchange two variables
SwapTwoInts (&numb1,&numb2) print() after swapping data:
And \ \ (numb2)

The output of the above program execution is as follows:

Data before exchange: 100 and 200
Exchange data: 200 and 100

The above example only tries and swaps variables of type Int. If you want toexchange two String value or Double value, you have to rewrite the corresponding function, such as swapTwoStrings(_:_:) and swapTwoDoubles(_:_:) , as follows:

9.44.2. String and Double value exchange function #

funcswapTwoStrings(\_a:inoutString,\_b:inoutString){lettemporaryA=aa=bb=temporaryA}funcswapTwoDoubles(\_a:inoutDouble,\_b:inoutDouble){lettemporaryA=aa=bb=temporaryA}

Judging from the above code, the functional code is the same, but the type is different, so we can use generics to avoid repetitive coding.

Generics use placeholder type names (represented here by the letter T) instead of actual type names (for example, Int 、 String or Double ).

func swapTwoValues<T>(_ a: inout T, _ b: inout T)

swapTwoValues this is followed by the placeholder type name (T) and enclosed in angle brackets ( <T> ). This angle bracket tells Swift which T is. swapTwoValues(_:_:) a placeholder type name within the function definition, so Swift does not look for the actual type named T.

The following example is a generic function exchange in exchange for two. Int and String value:

9.44.3. Example #

//
Define a function funcswapTwoValues<T>(\ a: inoutT, \ _b: inoutT) {lettemporaryA=aa=bb=temporaryA} varnumb1=100varnumb2=200print ("Data before exchange: \ \ (numb1)")
SwapTwoValues (&numb1,&numb2) print() after swapping:
Before exchanging data with \ \ (numb2) ") varstr1=" A "varstr2=" B "print(): \ \ (str1)
SwapTwoValues (&str1,&str2) print() after swapping:
And \ \ (str2)

The output of the above program execution is as follows:

Data before exchange: 100 and 200
Exchange data: 200 and 100
Data before exchange: A and B
Exchange data: B and A

9.44.4. Generic type #

Swift allows you to define your own generic types.

Custom classes, structures, and enumerations act on any type, as Array and Dictionary usage.

Next, let’s write a program called Stack the generic collection type of(stack), the stack only allows new elements to be added at the end of the collection (called on the stack), and can only remove elements from the end (called off the stack).

The image is parsed from left to right as follows:

• Three values are in the stack.

• The fourth value is pushed to the top of the stack.

• There are now four values in the stack, with the most recent value at the top.

• The top value in the stack is removed, or called off the stack.

• After removing a value, the stack now has only three values.

The following example is a non-generic version of the stack to Int the stack of type An is an example:

9.44.5. Int type stack #

structIntStack{varitems=[Int]()mutatingfuncpush(\_item:Int){items.append(item)}mutatingfuncpop()->Int{returnitems.removeLast()}}

This structure uses a file named items of Array property to store the value. Stack provide two methods： push(_: ) and pop() used to press values into and remove values from the stack These methods are marked as mutating . Because they need to modify the structure s items array.

Above. IntStack structures can only be used for Int type. However,you can define a generic type Stack structure so that any type of value can be processed.

Here is a generic version of the same code:

9.44.6. Stack of generics #

structStack<Element>{varitems=[Element]()mutatingfuncpush(\_item:Element)
{items.append(item)}mutatingfuncpop()->Element{returnitems.removeLast()}}
varstackOfStrings=Stack<String>()print("String element push:")
stackOfStrings.push("google")stackOfStrings.push("runoob")print
(stackOfStrings.items);letdeletetos=stackOfStrings.pop()print
("Stack element:"+deletetos)varstackOfInts=Stack<Int>()print("Pushing integer elements onto the stack:")
stackOfInts.push(1)stackOfInts.push(2)print(stackOfInts.items);

The execution result of the instance is as follows:

String element push:
["google", "runoob"]
Stack element: runoob
Pushing integer elements onto the stack:
[1, 2]

Stack basically and IntStack are the same, placeholder type parameter Element instead of the actual Int type.

In the above example Element is used as placeholders in the following three places:

• Create items Property, use in Element initializes it with an empty array of type.

• Designation push(_:) the unique parameter of the method item the type of must be Element type.

• Designation pop() the return type of the method must be Element type.

9.44.7. Extended generic type #

When you extend a generic type (using the extension keyword), you do notneed to provide a list of type parameters in the extended definition. More conveniently, the list of type parameters declared in the original type definition can be used in the extension, and these parameter names from the original type are used as references to the type parameters in the original definition.

The following example extends generic types Stack to which you added a file named topItem , which returns the element at the top of the current stack without removing it from the stack