1.25. SQLite Having clause

发布时间 :2025-10-25 12:31:14 UTC      

HAVING Clause allows you to specify conditions to filter the grouped results that will appear in the final result.

WHERE Clause sets the condition on the selected column, while the HAVING The clause is determined by the GROUP BY Sets the condition on the grouping created by the clause.

1.25.1. Grammar

The following is HAVING Clause in SELECT Location in the query:

SELECT
FROM
WHERE
GROUP BY
HAVING
ORDER BY

In a query, the HAVING clause must be placed after the GROUP BY clause and before the ORDER BY clause. The following is the syntax of the SELECT statement that contains the HAVING clause:

SELECT column1, column2
FROM table1, table2
WHERE [ conditions ]
GROUP BY column1, column2
HAVING [ conditions ]
ORDER BY column1, column2

1.25.2. Example

Hypothetical COMPANY The table has the following records:

ID          NAME        AGE         ADDRESS     SALARY
----------  ----------  ----------  ----------  ----------
1           Paul        32          California  20000.0
2           Allen       25          Texas       15000.0
3           Teddy       23          Norway      20000.0
4           Mark        25          Rich-Mond   65000.0
5           David       27          Texas       85000.0
6           Kim         22          South-Hall  45000.0
7           James       24          Houston     10000.0
8           Paul        24          Houston     20000.0
9           James       44          Norway      5000.0
10          James       45          Texas       5000.0

The following is an example that displays all records with a name count less than 2:

sqlite > SELECT * FROM COMPANY GROUP BY name HAVING count(name) < 2;

This will produce the following results:

ID          NAME        AGE         ADDRESS     SALARY
----------  ----------  ----------  ----------  ----------
2           Allen       25          Texas       15000
5           David       27          Texas       85000
6           Kim         22          South-Hall  45000
4           Mark        25          Rich-Mond   65000
3           Teddy       23          Norway      20000

The following is an example that displays all records with a name count greater than 2:

sqlite > SELECT * FROM COMPANY GROUP BY name HAVING count(name) > 2;

This will produce the following results:

ID          NAME        AGE         ADDRESS     SALARY
----------  ----------  ----------  ----------  ----------
10          James       45          Texas       5000
Principles, Technologies, and Methods of Geographic Information Systems  102

In recent years, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have undergone rapid development in both theoretical and practical dimensions. GIS has been widely applied for modeling and decision-making support across various fields such as urban management, regional planning, and environmental remediation, establishing geographic information as a vital component of the information era. The introduction of the “Digital Earth” concept has further accelerated the advancement of GIS, which serves as its technical foundation. Concurrently, scholars have been dedicated to theoretical research in areas like spatial cognition, spatial data uncertainty, and the formalization of spatial relationships. This reflects the dual nature of GIS as both an applied technology and an academic discipline, with the two aspects forming a mutually reinforcing cycle of progress.