Phenology serves as a comprehensive indicator of climate and natural environmental changes. Forests constitute a vital part of the global ecosystem, with forest phenological phases representing integrated biological indicators that reflect the impact of climate change on forest growth stages. Utilizing MOD09A1 products, which are 8-day composites with a 500m spatial resolution from MODIS for the years 2000-2010, as the foundational data, we calculated and reconstructed time-series data of the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). The dynamic threshold method was employed to derive forest vegetation phenological phase data (including the start of growing season, end of growing season, and length of growing season) for Northeast China. Comparisons with relevant research literature and ground observation data in the region demonstrated that the forest phenological phases obtained from MODIS data are comparable to survey data. This dataset encompasses remote sensing monitoring data of the start of growing season, end of growing season, and length of growing season for forests in Northeast China from 2000 to 2010. It effectively reflects the spatiotemporal variations in forest phenological phases in Northeast China under the backdrop of climate and natural environmental changes. This dataset holds reference value for regional plant phenology monitoring and climate change research, serving as a reference for plant phenology studies in Northeast China and mid-to-high latitude regions worldwide.