The China Meteorological Background Dataset is based on meteorological data from 1,915 stations across the country. After organizing and verifying the data, an original database was formed, encompassing multi-year monthly precipitation and monthly mean temperature records for each station. Subsequently, based on the station data, calculations were performed to derive annual mean temperature (Ta), annual mean precipitation (Pa), accumulated temperature ≥0°C (T(>0)), and accumulated temperature ≥10°C (T(>10)). Furthermore, utilizing the inverse distance weighted averaging method, spatial distribution datasets were interpolated for the entire country with a spatial resolution of 500m x 500m, including annual mean temperature (Ta), annual mean precipitation (Pa), accumulated temperature ≥0°C, accumulated temperature ≥10°C, and humidity index (IM, calculated using the Thornthwaite method).